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AIB-WEB. ContributiAIB-WEB. Contributi
di Maurella Della Seta e Fernando Venturini
Text of the paper presented at the World Library and Information Congress: 69th IFLA General Conference and Council, Berlin, August 1-9, 2003 <http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla69/>. Updated version (November 2006).
Continuing professional education programs for the library and information science professions are not very well developed in Italy yet, especially in the area of government information and official publications. This paper presents some initiatives in this sense, focusing in particular on a directory of the Italian government information resources available on the Internet.
The name of the directory is DFP: Documentazione di Fonte Pubblica in rete = Italian Government Information on the Net, hosted on the website of the Italian Library Association (AIB) since 1997 <https://www.aib.it/dfp>.
DFP is mainly a tool to keep librarians and end-users informed on the best resources available on the Net: nevertheless, although not originally conceived as a training tool, it also aims at increasing librarians' expertise. In this way, librarians who are expert in the government information field extend their knowledge and skills to the librarians community, reaching out an ever-growing number of end-users.
Introduction. -- Background: overview of the Italian situation in the area of government information training. -- Origins: the Official Publications Working Group of the Italian Library Association. -- Librarians and e-government in Italy. -- DFP organization: from the web pages set to the Scout database. -- DFP: the book. -- Using DFP to extend government information to librarians community and final users. -- DFP: an example of good practice and a didactic tool. -- Measuring DFP's impact
The purpose of this paper is to outline some Italian initiatives in the field of training and skill development, concerning government information issues. Experiences carried out by the authors are described: in fact, both authors, although operating in different backgrounds such as legislative and public health sources of information, have a large familiarity with training and education initiatives, practitioner- or end-user-targeted.
We'll in-depth analyse DFP, Documentazione di Fonte Pubblica in rete = Italian Government Information on the Net, a directory of relevant websites in the area of information produced by public bodies, hosted on the website of the Italian Library Association (AIB) since 1997 [i].
DFP arises from the work of the Associazione Italiana Biblioteche (AIB) Official Publications Working Group [ii], who developed the idea that the future of public information is on the Net. DFP's creation also derives from the large demand by citizens and library users for data and documents of public origin.
We focus on the effects of DFP information spreading through the Internet, and specifically on the aspect of promotion of government information. We believe that these effects can be a good example of how the power of the Internet can be exploited for teaching and training purposes, especially in a context like the Italian one. In our opinion, our experience may be useful also to colleagues operating in other countries.
The basic librarian preparation in Italy is University education, although employers do not always require degrees and diplomas in Library science. Up to about ten years ago, as stated by Petrucciani in a 1991 article [iii], university degrees and diplomas were offered only by a few academic institutions, and there were post-graduate two years programs in Rome, Milan, Padua and Naples Universities. After the University reform, which took place in the academic year 2000/2001, a system based on three years (first degree) plus two years (specialist degree) was introduced in Italy. Therefore, there are now more courses in Library Science, mostly within the context of the Preservation of Cultural Heritage studies. Currently, according to the Directory of Education opportunities for librarians of the Italian Library Association (AIB) [iv], about thirty universities offer a first-level degree in Library science or Archive-keeping science. About ten Universities offer a second-level degree (specialist), while at least eighteen academic institutions offer both first and second level masters. According to the recently published "Report on Italian Libraries2001" [v], there are "at least 27 courses aimed at the formation of librarians, in 26 universities and with locations in 25 different cities".
In 2003, a lively debate on librarians' education took place in AIB-CUR (the Italian Librarians discussion list) [vi]: the results of this debate (in which librarians and information specialists participated with more than fifty messages) showed that:
All messages report changes in the library professions during the latest years, and stress the need for new skills. Therefore, there is a large demand for updating flexible practical courses, especially by librarians who started their profession many years ago, without any previous formal professional education.
This is particularly true for librarians working in special libraries, and mainly in the sector of government information, with almost a total absence of specific academic or training courses.
In this field, we can report two recent training courses organized by the AIB -- which in its statute "promotes activities which guarantee professional training and continuing education" in the framework of continuing professional development. The first course "Public Documentation: sources and techniques for its finding, retrieval and valorisation" was held in 1999 [vii]. The second one, "Grey literature: basic principles and new trends" was carried out in November 2002 [viii], with a session specifically devoted to administrative information.
It's also worth mentioning the three National Conferences on Grey Literature, jointly organized by the AIB and the Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), respectively in 1992, 1996 and 1999 [ix], and the Symposium "From Official Publication to Documentation of Public Origin", organized in 1998 by the Chamber of Deputies and the AIB [x].
The above mentioned conferences gave important opportunities to librarians willing to develop or to update their knowledge in the field of Government Information, but represent rare, non-systematic initiatives. In this scenario, the potentialities of a Web directory such as DFP should not be undervalued, both as a training tool for librarians, and as an instrument of diffusion of public information topics.
Italian librarians and information specialists have always paid little attention to information produced by public administrations, because public authorities libraries are, generally speaking, poorly equipped, thus providing a restricted number of services, as compared to other European countries.
In Italy, a bibliographic control of official publications doesn't exist because the Italian National Bibliography covers only a small portion of public sector publications and we do not have a central official publisher like GPO in USA or HMSO in UK. Libraries like those at the Chamber of Deputies and at the Senate, receive books published by public authorities on the basis of the legal deposit law [xi], but do not provide any bibliographic control service in this field [xii].
Moreover, Italian citizens have not the habit of using a public library to gather information about laws and cases related to their daily life, or to find a document published by the European Union or by the local municipality.
In 1995, in order to study and change this situation, the Italian Library Association formed a Working Group on Official Publications, which closed its works in 2001. Its activity concentrated on the following points: a wider definition of the official publication, bibliographic control [xiii], the importance of libraries as access points to public information, the role of the Internet in spreading public data.
The Internet has been considered the decisive element to change the Italian situation. In any case, before the Internet's age, libraries were not in the condition, if not in rare cases, to grant access to a large amount of official documents and had often difficulties even in delivering the simplest legislative information. Through the Internet and the growing availability of public sector information, new possibilities of services in this field have been developed, even for the smallest municipal library, provided that librarians have the necessary skills and know the specific characteristics of official materials. So, in the last part of its activity, the research group focused on the accessibility through public libraries and launched a survey about their role, in collaboration with the Italian National Statistics Institute. This is one of the most ambitious investigations carried out on this matter in Europe. Final results [xiv] show that Italian public libraries have no complete awareness of the services provided in this field because, and even if they have a modest but significant number of reference requests for public information, they do not seem to play an active role, and limit themselves to the simplest performances.
When the Official Publications Research Group began its work, the first Italian public administration websites had just been established. Some group members began to study the characteristics of Government websites and the different experiences of public data spreading through the net. The Italian official sites developed without any initial coordination, in particular at the central administration level. The first policy act of the Italian Government was issued only in March 2001: the Civil Service Department directive of March the 13th Guidelines for the organization, the usability and the accessibility of public administration websites [xv]. This document is not exhaustive: for instance, instructions about the minimum level availability, integration, completeness and conservation of public documents are absent. The result is that Italian citizens may access a lot of very technical documents but, for example, cannot gain complete full access to the Official Gazette of the Italian Republic. Professional librarians, operating in the Italian Public Administration, have never been involved in the development of Government websites. All the process was managed by IT professionals and by administrators, under political directives completely concentrated on delivering administrative services more than information. The Guidelines of the Government for the development of the information society [xvi], developed by the former Minister for Innovation and Technologies Mr. Lucio Stanca (June 2002), represent a strategic document based on the use of IT to modernize a country in which, as far as e-government is concerned, all the attention is directed to the online interactive services (according to the slogan: from queues to clicks [xvii]). The Italian Government, as many other Governments in the world and with the support of EU, is determined to exploit the Internet to improve the efficiency and efficacy of public administrations, with the aim of helping the citizen in using the administration from his/her home, saving time and money. For this purpose, the Parliament passed several important laws, which are qualifying Italy as one of the most advanced countries in this field: for instance, the electronic signature and the electronic protocol regulations [xviii]. In a press release issued on March 10, 2003, the former Minister for Innovation and Technology Mr. Lucio Stanca stated that "the e-government challenge to bring the enlarged Europe online is starting in Italy" [xix].
More recently, the E-Government Code, a single, consistent legislative framework for applying new digital technologies in Italian government, was adopted URL: <http://www.interlex.it/testi/dlg05_82.htm>.
On the other side the e-government policy has neglected the purpose of making public sector information available simply, efficiently and consistently. For this aspects, each department or public authority acts as a separate entity. Different practices between and within departments result in completely different websites in which public information is scattered on, and, for this reason, often very difficult to find. Even in the recent E-Government Code, the section about Government websites obligatory content is very poor. Moreover, there is not a register of public information assets. The National citizen's portal <http://www.italia.gov.it> on the one hand displays the services offered by the central and local authorities, being very user-friendly and useful for the layman, but, on the other, does not pay enough attention to the information repositories managed by public administrations, since its contents focus on key events in the life of citizens. For example, in the field of legal information, Italy is the only European country in which the Official Gazette is not accessible for free, if not for the last 60 days <http://www.gazzettaufficiale.it>. This lack is not counterbalanced by the presence of a legal search engine such as Norme in rete [Statutes-online] <http://www.normeinrete.it>, by which it is possible to search the legislation that the government departments and offices have made available for free on their websites. In fact, the list of contributors is quite short, the same regulation is often published in more than one site, and the user is not able to understand whether the retrieved text is consolidated or not [xx].
DFP is a catalogue of the Italian Internet Resources relevant to public information. Originally it focused on legal aspects: at present, it covers many disciplines with specific emphasis on law, economics, statistics, public health, environment, culture.
DFP is characterized by its accurate selection, according to quality criteria, of the included resources. As a matter of fact, its nature has been evolving in time towards two directions:
Sources of information for DFP are, in order of importance, personal experience of the editors, directories of Internet links prepared by various institutions, postings on print journals and newspapers, Italian search engines.
In this context, great importance is given not only to the activity of retrieving and posting new resources, but also to the steady updating of the records, according to modifications occurring in the reviewed sites.
The editorial board of DFP is made by librarians who initially formed the AIB original Official Publications Working Group, followed by other librarians who already used their library websites to disseminate legal information, and wished to contribute to the directory with their resources [xxi].
DFP's first addressees are reference librarians working in Public Libraries, University Libraries (Law and Social Sciences Schools), special libraries and documentation centres in public structures or private firms.
Originally the resources described in DFP were organized in static web pages divided into three sections: General Sources Documentation; Subject Sources Documentation; Official Websites. The old homepage is still visible at the URL: <https://www.aib.it/aib/commiss/pubuff/guida-041112.htm>.
The standard DFP record included the following fields:
In November 2004 the DFP directory became a database implemented using the software Scout Portal Toolkit <http://scout.wisc.edu/Projects/SPT/>, developed by the Internet Scout Project, an initiative of the U.S. University of Wisconsin. A static homepage remains at the address <https://www.aib.it/dfp/> but it's possible to get access directly to the database from the URL: <http://dfp.aib.it>.
The database counts at present approximately more than 1.000 records and is constantly being increased and updated. Resources are organized in 12 main classes and about 180 subdivisions. Besides browsing the classification tree, quick keyword searches and advanced searches are also possible.
Every record is enriched with specific metadata. The required fields to establish a record are the URL, Title, Date Issued, Publisher, Description, Classification code, Origin [it refers to the administrative level which produced the resource: central, regional, local bodies, research bodies, etc.]; Language, Resource type, Format, Date of Record Creation, Date Record Checked.
New colleagues working in different Italian public administrations joined the DFP editorial board.
The tables on legal documentation, regional legislation and Parliament documentation, after revision and updating, were inserted in the new website structure. They still allow therefore an alternative access to selected resources.
In late 2004, DFP editorial board published a book: Documenti e dati pubblici sul web : guida all'informazione di fonte pubblica in rete [Official documents and data on the web : a guide to Italian public source information on the Internet] / edited by Piero Cavaleri and Fernando Venturini ; contributions of Laura Ballestra, Graziella Casarin, Piero Cavaleri, Maurella Della Seta, Alessandra Ensoli, Grazia Vecchio, Fernando Venturini. -- Bologna : Il Mulino, 2004. -- 347 p. -- <http://www.biblio.liuc.it/pagineita.asp?codice=36&tipo=pubdoc>.
This volume contains the description of approximately six hundred official websites and documents, besides collecting the remarks and the information produced by the DFP group in nearly ten years of activity.
DFP is not only a directory of Internet resources, but even a tool for the transmission of information and skills in the sector of public information, from expert librarians towards public libraries colleagues. For this purpose, before the creation of the Scout database, the interaction between DFP and the discussion list of the Italian libraries association was essential. The discussion list of the AIB, called AIB-CUR, collects nearly 3500 members. AIB-CUR was created in 1992 by the University and Research Commission of the Italian Library Association (from which the acronym AIB-CUR).
The list is supported by a technical staff that develops a steady work in the back stage, in order to facilitate the right use of the list, or to organize the mail files, making the list not only a communication tool, but also a documentation one.
A library of documents is associated to the list. It's possible to pick up subject collections of e-mails, and other documents. The AIB-CUR technical staff has been working a lot for the integration of the discussion list with the AIB website. Therefore, some of the AIB-CUR serial mails are public, since they are located in special web pages. These messages are identified by the subject beginning with a key word. This allows the software (LISTSERV) to sort each message to the AIB-CUR subdivisions (so called sub-lists), that each member may activate or not. For example, messages with the subject AGENDA inform about conferences, seminars, training events and presentations of professional interest, while the subject WORK informs about working opportunities for librarians. At the same time, these messages are filed in freely accessible web pages (AIB-NOTEBOOK CUR and AIB-WORK CUR).
The most important DFP updates are posted in the AIB-CUR list by DFP editors, with the subject DFP. This allows the creation of a file including all the mails available between an edition and the other. In this way the most experienced librarian in government information field extend their knowledge and skills to the librarians' community.
Since the Scout database implementation, specific services for Web content sharing have been set up. On the one hand an alerting service based on account registration allowing the user to have new resources emailed on a frequency basis he can specify; on the other hand a RSS service offering feeds in the RSS format.
During the training courses organised by the ISS in the field of public health information sources, DFP Directory is shown as an example of good practice for its selection of high quality Internet resources. Resources are selected according to quality criteria established by the Commission of the European Communities [xxii]. This set of criteria includes Transparency and Honesty, Authority, Privacy and data protection, Updating of information, Accountability, Accessibility. Although not all Italian public or private websites adhere perfectly to those criteria, attention is paid on the selection of those sites which at least:
DFP, therefore, collects the main reference sources available on the net, and, at the same time, performs a selection of the best authoritative sites developed by private and public institutions.
The "Synopsis of the Italian Legal Information on the Web" [xxiii], in the General Sources Documentation section, represents a good example of reference tool addressed also to inexperienced practitioners. It sums up the best information sources for the different fields (National, Regional and European Legislation, Cases, Parliamentary Acts, Juridical Bibliography), dividing each area into two sections:
For this reason, in recent years, DFP has been more and more used as a useful training tool, profitably employed in training courses addressed to practitioners and end-users. Between the most significant courses devoted to public librarians, three examples taken place in 2006 are cited:
L'informazione di fonte pubblica in rete, con
specifico riferimento alla documentazione giuridica nazionale
Biblioteca elettronica di economia e scienze sociali del
Piemonte, Torino, March 27, 2006
http://www.bess-piemonte.it/checosebess/agenda.htm
Le fonti informative della pubblica amministrazione:
siti istituzionali e documentazione di fonte pubblica
Biblioteca comunale centrale di Milano, Palazzo Sormani, May 15,
2006
https://www.aib.it/aib/sezioni/lom/s060515.htm
Informazione di fonte pubblica e servizi al cittadino
Regione Umbria, Consiglio regionale, Perugia, September 25, 2006
http://www.crumbria.it/page.asp?c=20&p=230&r=&tipor=0
We would like to conclude our paper with a short note on how DFP is reviewed by our colleagues in Italy and all over the world, and on how it is cited in the international guides to the Internet.
We tried to measure DFP's impact by a survey performed through those search engines, such as Google, Arianna, and Yahoo!, which give the possibility of selecting websites that link to a given URL. By introducing the DFP's URL we found that about 250 sites have a link to it. Most of them are Italian sites, mainly from Universities, Law Schools and Public Libraries guides to Internet resources. DFP is quoted in many Italian guides to the use of Internet resources [xxiv], as well.
DFP has links from about ten sites from different countries as USA, France, Spain, Switzerland, and Germany. The New York University School of Law in its guide to Foreign and International Legal Databases, states that DFP provides "a very good list of information resources on Italian public documentation" [xxv]. DFP is also cited in the FindLaw for Legal Professionals directory [xxvi].
Our purpose and our hope for the next future is to facilitate through this tool the outreach of an ever-growing number of practitioners and end-users, enabling them to better use government information sources.
We would like to end up with the words of Blanche Woolls: "With the rapid changes in technology, we will soon have capabilities beyond our wildest imaginations. It is our creativity that we must employ to make links between us as Continuing Professional Education providers." [xxvii]
[ii] <https://www.aib.it/aib/commiss/pubuff/pubuff.htm>
[iii] Alberto Petrucciani, "Continuing Education in Italy" in Blanche Woolls, ed., Continuing Professional Education. A publication of the Continuing Professional Education Round Table (CPERT) of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions. (IFLA Publications 55). Munchen: K.G. Saur, 1991, p. 125-126.
[iv] <https://www.aib.it/aib/form/form.htm3>
[v] Vittorio Ponzani ed., "Report on Italian Libraries 2001", Bollettino AIB. 42 (4) (December 2002): p. 475-504.
[vi] For a summary of this debate see: Vittorio Ponzani, "Quale formazione per bibliotecari e documentalisti?" AIB Notizie. 15 (3) (2003), p. 7. <https://www.aib.it/aib/editoria/n15/03-03ponzani.htm>
[vii] <https://www.aib.it/aib/corsi/99c-06.htm>
[viii] <https://www.aib.it/aib/corsi/c02g.htm>
[ix] The references to the proceedings of these three Conferences edited by Vilma Alberani and Paola De Castro are available on the ISS website <http://www.iss.it/publ/cong/index.php?lang=1&tipo=6>
[x] <https://www.aib.it/aib/commiss/pubuff/giornata.htm>
[xi] L. 374/1939, section 11
[xii] For a general description of the main Italian official publications see in English: Italy, in: Guide of official publications of foreign countries, 2nd ed., Bethesda, Md.: CIS, 1997, p. 202-209 and Vilma Alberani, Pubblicazioni ufficiali italiane, Roma: AIB, 1995. See also: Fernando Venturini ed., Le fonti per lo studio dell'amministrazione pubblica italiana: guida bibliografica, 1848-1992, Bologna: Il Mulino, 1994, particularly for the section on official publications and grey documentation.
[xiii] On this matter a conference was organized in 2000. The proceedings were published in: Dalle pubblicazioni ufficiali alla documentazione di fonte pubblica: il ruolo delle biblioteche tra controllo bibliografico e diffusione dell'informazione, Roma: Camera dei deputati, 2000.
[xiv] <https://www.aib.it/aib/cen/q0106a.htm>
[xv] <http://www.governo.it/Presidenza/web/circ13mar2001_FP.html>
[xvi] <http://ec.europa.eu/idabc/en/document/4810/5684>
[xvii] This is the title of a booklet published by the Minister for innovation and technology. It presents the online services offered by the central Government and local authorities. The booklet was available in the Minister for Innovation and Technologies web site <http://www.innovazione.gov.it>. At the moment, because of the reorganization of the civil service and e-government departments, promoted by the new Prodi Cabinet, this site is not accessible.
[xviii] A website completely dedicated to the electronic protocol has been set up by the Italian Authority for IT in public administrations: <http://protocollo.gov.it/>.
[xix] See the news in EU E-Government observatory: <http://ec.europa.eu/idabc/en/chapter/140> where it is also possible to have a synthetic view of the Italian situation.
[xx] An English overview of the sources of Italian law has been published by Raffaele Ladu on the site <http://www.llrx.com>. <http://www.llrx.com/features/ladu2.htm#Free%20Online%20Italian%20Legal%20ReSources>.
[xxi] List of DFP editors at: <https://www.aib.it/dfp/redaz.htm3> Fernando Venturini is the coordinator.
[xxii] Commission of the European Communities. "eEurope 2002: Quality Criteria for Health related Websites". Journal of Medical Internet Research. 4 (3) 2002 .e15. <http://www.jmir.org/2002/3/e15/>
[xxiii] <https://www.aib.it/dfp/tab.htm3>
[xxiv] e.g.: Francesco Brugaletta. Internet per giuristi. Napoli: Simone, 1998, 1st ed.
[xxv] <http://www.law.nyu.edu/library/foreign_intl/italy.html>
[xxvi] <http://www.findlaw.com/12international/countries/index.html>.
[xxvii] Blanche Woolls, "Building a plan to deliver lifelong Continuing Professional Education across space and time" in B. Woolls and B.E. Sheldon eds. Delivering Lifelong Continuing Professional Education Across Space and Time. The Fourth World Conference on Continuing Professional Education for the Library and Information Science Professions. (IFLA Publications 98). Munchen: K.G. Saur, 2001, p. 24.